Does attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice on how to brin

Does the attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice on how to bring up children? To answer this question for advice to parents I will explore some of the details of the attachment theory showing, 1) earlier studies and more up to date criticisms, 2) how it proposes family members and day care can affect a child’s upbringing. Attachment is the bond that develops between caregiver and infant when it is about eight or nine months old, providing the child with emotional security. Meshing commences from when the child is being fed, onto taking part in pseudo-dialogue and then following on to the child taking part in a more active role of proto dialogue, illustrated by Kaye (1982), other concepts such as scaffolding and inter-subjectivity have also been explored by psychologists. As the infant grows older the attention escalates towards the direction of the caregiver. John Bowlby(1958, 1969, 1973, 1980) pioneer of the attachment theory was involved in research regarding the emotional connection between the adult and infant and he believed that the early relationships determined the behaviour and emotional development of a child. In an early Bowlby (1944) study he discovered children who had an unsettling upbringing where more likely to become juvenile delinquents. His work is constantly open to criticism and has been revisited with further research. Subsequent research has based measuring security and insecurity in a child from an early age using the Strange Situation Test. Other research has shown certain trends of difficult behaviour and how the child interacts with the caregiver actively. Bowlby’s theory was based on ideas from ethology and previous work, psychodynamic theory by Sigmund Freud, it was appropriate for the 1950’s after the 2nd World War when women were returning to household duties and motherhood as men returned to their employment after the war. He believed that a child should have interaction with one caregiver ‘monotropism’ and that separation from this person would trigger the ‘proximity promoting behaviours’ in the attachment structure. The caregiver arriving would cause the behaviours of, clinging, making noises and crying to discontinue. The protected foundations of the affectionate bonds occurring between parent and infant representation becomes part of the internal working model. Those become the foundations and the heart of a... ...how parents create persons, Brighton, Harvester Press. MAIN, M. and SOLOMON, J. (1990) ‘ Procedures for identifying infants as disorganised/ disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation’ in GRENNBERG, M. T. CICCCHETTI, D. and CUMMINGS, E. M. (eds) Attachment in the Preschool Years, Chicago Ill., University of Chicago Press. VAN IJJZENDOORN, M. H. and KROONENBERG, P. M. (1988) ‘Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: a meta-analysis of the Strange Situation’, Child Development, 59, pp. 147-56 RICHMAN, N., STEVENSON, J. and Graham, P. J. (1982) Pre-School to School: a behavioural study, London, Academic Press. ROBERTSON, J. and ROBERTSON, J. (1952), A Two-Year-Old Goes To Hospital, ‘Attachment’, T. V. program, The Open University (2000), ED209 Child Development, Milton Keynes, The Open University SAMEROFF, A. J. (1991) ‘ The social context of development ‘ in WOODHEAD, M., CARR, R. and LIGHT, P. (eds) Becoming a Person, London, Routledge. STEWART, R. B. (1983) ‘ Siblings attachment relationships: child-infant interactions in the strange situation’, Development Psychology, 19, pp. 192-99.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Al Capone and the Prohibition

In the United States, the Prohibition marked the time when the production and sake of alcohol was banned.   This ban was the result of the perception that alcohol was a moral and social threat.   The Prohibition sought to decrease crimes and other unlawful acts.Unfortunately, the end result was the opposite of the objective.   Crimes increased, as people clamored for illegal alcohol.   The situation also caused the domination of gangsters, which provided the banned commodity.   Among all gangsters who played a role in the Prohibition, Al Capone was the most influential.   This research paper aims to discuss Al Capone and his effect on the Prohibition.The Prohibition was also known as the Noble Experiment (Kerr 564; McWilliams).   The period spanned 13 years, from 1920 to 1933 (Kerr 564; McWilliams; Poholek).   During this time, the  Ã‚   â€Å"manufacture, transportation and sale† of alcoholic beverages were banned (Clark 1; â€Å"Prohibition†; Kerr 56 4; Poholek).   The term â€Å"prohibition† was used to identify the moments in history when the alcoholic ban was in effect (Clark 1).In 19th century America, especially 1820s, citizens of the United States were consuming an average of seven gallons of alcohol per person every year (Clark 1).   This statistic had begun to bother political and religious figures alike.   They believed that alcoholic beverages were threatening society's institutions, especially the family and the community (Clark 1; Kerr 564).   Alcohol was considered as the â€Å"devil's advocate,† the cause of poverty, crime and death (Poholek).As a result, the Anti-Saloon League of America (ASL) was formed; this group brought the alcohol question in the political arena (Clark 1).   By 1916, U.S. Congress was dominated by dry members who were backed by ASL.   Supporters of the Prohibition were called â€Å"dry,† while opponents were referred to as â€Å"wets† (Clark 1; Kerr 564 ).   In 1917, the 18th Amendment was proposed; the amendment was about the prohibition of alcohol (Clark 2; â€Å"Prohibition†).   Two years later, the Volstead Act was passed to enforce the amendment (Clark 2; Poholek).   The Prohibition officially began on January 16, 1920 (Clark 2; Poholek).On the contrary, the Prohibition was characterized by the very elements it sought to avoid.   In the words of Mark Thorton: â€Å"Prohibition did not achieve its goals.   Instead, it added to the problems it was intended to solve† (qtd. in Poholek).   The deprivation of alcohol in American society exacerbated the social problems.   Despite the ban, the consumption of alcohol was at an all time high (McWilliams).   The period was also characterized by utmost disregard for law and an increase in crime rates (Clark 2).   The Prohibition failed in its endeavor, and in the process, made matters worse.The Prohibition actually paved the way for gangsters to gain power and authority.   Since alcohol was made illegal, the gangs found the situation as an opportunity to conduct business and earn money by providing the contraband (â€Å"Prohibition†; Poholek).   Because of the banning of alcohol, the public had to get their supply from gangsters; this made gangsters very rich, as bootlegging liquor proved to be a lucrative endeavor (Poholek).   Among all the bootlegger gangsters, Al Capone was the most famous and influential (Poholek).Alphonsus Capone was born on January 17, 1899 (Chicago Historical Society [CHS] 1).   He was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York.   At a young age, he was already part of gangs.   He dropped out of school at an early age and worked several menial jobs.   Near Capone's home stood the headquarters of Johnny Torrio, a gangster and future mentor of Capone (Bardsley 4).   While working his multiple jobs, Capone also did favors for Torrio.   In the process, the young Capone earned not only money, but also Torrio's trust.   In 1909, Torrio left New York for Chicago (Bardsley 4).   For a while, Capone and Torrio's paths did not cross.Back in New York, Capone worked for another gangster, this time it was Frankie Yale (CHS 1).   However, in Chicago, Torrio had made himself an influential underground boss (Allen 5).   With the Prohibition in full effect, Torrio saw the potential of an illegal alcohol industry.   He recognized how profitable the venture would be with the Chicago market.   However, he had to consider the competition, such as the rival gangs.   He had to find the right man to deal with his competitors (Allen 5).

Racism Is Not A Fight Against Discrimination - 1762 Words

With significant effort, a significant amount of progress has been made for racial equality in the U.S. Racism is something America has been struggling with since its birth. Over two hundred years later there is still a fight against discrimination. Racism has had to evolve into a new form that is now kept under the rug, so well-kept that people forget that it’s there. Some believe that its history. The truth is that many people have no idea how big of a player racism still is. Bringing it out from hiding and facing it, will not only benefit the country but the people. It’s primitive and small to judge someone solely by their skin color. Yet in the 21 century we still continue to do it. Racism, the mindset that certain people are better than others. Racism disregards and replaces common sense and logic, for hate, beliefs, and fears. It has always been a deeply embedded part of the American fabric. So embedded, that it can be modern when compared to traditional racism. Traditional racism enslaved based on low class. â€Å"During those eras, the underrepresentation of African Americans was justified in terms of their innate intellectual inferiority. (Karkouti 60) racism enslaved based on skin color, no one was scared to discriminate. Racism evolved into an aggressive prejudicial behavior that lasted centuries. When faced with changing times this already modern racism was forced to change again into Racism 2.0. Racism 2.0 in which whites hold minorities down and use white privilegeShow MoreRelatedThe Fight Against Racism And Discrimination1737 Words   |  7 PagesMichelle Chansuyco History 110 Class Number – 30 Final Paper—The Fight Against Racism and Discrimination Throughout history we have seen how racism has evolved and has impacted the lives of many minority groups in America. With the migration of people from different backgrounds all over the world, the United States has truly become a melting pot of cultures, religions and backgrounds. 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